| Citing Supporting Information |
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YOU are the “voice” that should carry your speech; however, there are times when using supporting research can strengthen your point. WHEN TO CITE SOURCES IN YOUR SPEECH: Plagiarism is taking ones words or ideas and using them as if they were your own. While many people understand how this is wrong in writing, they may not realize that it is just as important to give proper credit to sources when cited in a speech. WHAT DOESN’T NEED TO BE CITED: (1.) Your own ideas or observations (2.) Common facts or knowledge EXAMPLE: Benjamin Harrison was the 23rd President of the U.S. EXAMPLE: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were responsible for a shooting at Columbine High School on April 20, 1999. BREAKING DOWN SUPPORTING INFORMATION: (Source: Carol Rohrbach & Joyce Valenza) (1.) QUOTING: Quotations are the exact words of an author, copied directly from a source, word for word. Use quotations when… • You want to add the power of an author’s words to support your argument • You want to disagree with an author’s argument • You want to highlight particularly eloquent or powerful phrases or passages • You are comparing and contrasting specific points of view • You want to note the important research that precedes your own (2.) PARAPHRASING: Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of an author, putting his/her thoughts in your own words. When you paraphrase, you rework the source’s ideas, words, phrases, and sentence structures with your own. Like quotations, paraphrased material must be followed with in-text documentation and cited on your Works-Cited page. Paraphrase when… • You plan to use information on your note cards and wish to avoid plagiarizing • You want to avoid overusing quotations • You want to use your own voice to present information (3.) SUMMARIZING: Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) of one or several writers into your own words, including only the main point(s). Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. Again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to their original sources. Summarize when… • You want to establish background or offer an overview of a topic • You want to describe knowledge (from several sources) about a topic • You want to determine the main ideas of a single source HOW TO CITE SOUCES IN A SPEECH: Any time you use a quotation, or put a sources ideas into your own words, you must give them credit. It is important that you do this right as you use the information in the speech, and not merely tack on your sources at the end of it. You do this by telling your audience the main title of your source and the date. This allows them to validate the credibility of your supporting information and makes you look well informed. EXAMPLE: According the United States Department of Justice in 2003, there were 30,447 violent crime arrests for juveniles under the age of fourteen. EXAMPLE: $520 billion dollars were spent Japanese video games last year, as cited by Time on May 21, 2007. EXAMPLE: As stated by Joan Vennochi in the May 21, 2007, issue of Time, “Leave it to Mitt Romney to shoot hiself in the foot with a gun he doesn’t own.” (person quoted within a source) NOTE: Google, Yahoo, Findarticles.com, and Elibrary are not main sources. They are search engines. Make sure you note the actual publication or organization that posts a website when you attribute the title of your source. |
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