VISUAL-MOTOR INTEGRATION (VMI) Information

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The following scholarly articles contain information concerning various aspects of VMI.

****************************** Testing ******************************

Aylward, E. H. & Schmidt, S. (1986, June/July). An examination of three tests of visual-motor integration. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19(6). Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.

The authors discuss three VMI tests intended to determine their reliability in discovering learning disabilities in kindergarten children. The tests include the Bender Gestalt Test, the Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration, and the WPPSI Geometric Design subtest.

****************************** Relation to Cognitive Factors *******************************

Wassenberg, R., Feron, F.J.M., et al (2005, September/October ). Relation between cognitive and motor performance in 5-to-6-year-old children: results from a large-scale cross-sectional study. Child Development, 76(5), 1092-1103. Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.

The authors discuss their research conclusion that there are positive associations between "motor performance, visual motor integration and working memory, and between quantitative aspects of motor performance and fluency."

****************************** Developmental Factors ******************************

Grobecker, B A. & De Lisi, R. (2000, Winter). An investigation of spatial-geometrical understanding in students with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 23(1), 7-22. Retrieved from the WilsonWeb database.

The authors discuss how developmental factors influence VMI test results. Their research indicates that learning disabled students may have a spatial-cognitive developmental delay, and not an actual visual-motor skill deficit. They note that diagnoses and remedies should be influenced by this information.

Jongmans, M.J., Smits-Engelsman, B.C.M., et al. (2003, November/December). Consequences of comorbidity of developmental coordination disorders and learning disabilities for severity and pattern of perceptual-motor dysfunction. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36(6), 528-37. Retrieved from the WilsonWeb database.

The authors discuss developmental VMI ("developmental coordination disorder"), which was recognized by the American Psychiatric Association in 1987.

****************************** Treatment ******************************

Kaplan, B.J., Polatajko, H.J., et al. (1993, May). reexamination of sensory integration treatment: a combination of two efficacy studies. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26(5). Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.

The authors discuss "the efficacy of sensory integration treatment" and find it lacking.
Among other references, they include references to the following article:
Cummins, R.A. (1991). Sensory integration and learning disabilities: Aryes' factor analysis reappraised. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 160-168.

****************************** Special Teaching Methods ******************************

Tanner, D. R. (1980, Fall). Music and the special learner. Education,101(1), 46.
Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.

The author discusses teaching methods involving music designed to help students with VMI. The methods specifically are geared toward elementary students.